四、結論
城市化必然帶來住房問題,并要求國家針對特定時期的具體狀況加以有針對性的干預。不過,國家自身卻可能失靈。在巴西,從早期城市化階段開始,非正規(guī)的自建房和貧民區(qū)等就是巴西城市人口滿足住房需要的重要方式,而國家也采取了一定的住房政策干預行動,如早期城市化階段的住房衛(wèi)生政策,中期城市化階段的城市規(guī)劃政策,以及晚期城市化階段的住房社會政策;不過,在每個階段,這些政策總體上都是嚴重失靈的。直到今天,巴西城市貧民區(qū)和非正規(guī)住房都遠未根除。巴西城市住房政策失靈的原因,歸根結底在于巴西建國之時已經確立、而在整個城市化進程中不斷得到了再生產的“三座大山”傳統(tǒng)。實際上,國外勢力對國內的操縱、國內政治與經濟精英(包括大土地所有者)對國外勢力的依賴、國家精英構成的非現(xiàn)代性難免限制政府能力、造成政府失靈和對公民權利的重視程度的不足,并進而抑制住房政策對強化貧民區(qū)和非正規(guī)住房現(xiàn)象的干預效果。特別地,本研究還表明,如果1889年取消奴隸制作為巴西城市化的開始,一直截止到今天(2012年),其住房政策失靈的時間,至少長達113年。這表明,“三座大山”這一歷史因素的影響是極其深遠的。
巴西城市住房問題及其干預中的住房政策失靈,在一定程度上也能反映其他發(fā)展中國家特別是拉美國家的情況。中國同為發(fā)展中國家,正在推進城市化,面臨著各種各樣的住房問題,并且國家正在開展的住房政策干預,甚至存在總體失靈的可能。分析中國這一失靈的具體原因,不是本文的任務;不過,結合巴西的個案研究結果,卻也可以指出相關的啟示。亦即,要避免總體性的住房政策失靈,謀求國家的政治和經濟獨立是一個必要條件;加強法治和形成精英與大眾間的利益共生格局,則是另一必要條件。中國在前一個方面的條件已經具備,而在后一個方面還不完全具備。以后,要加強法治建設、保障住房領域中的公民資格,并加強收入分配的頂層設計和對經濟發(fā)展果實的真正共享,才能根除城市住房政策失靈的深層根源;否則,現(xiàn)有城市住房問題,還將持續(xù)好幾代人的時間。
注釋:
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