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城市住房政策失靈:巴西的歷程及其啟示(4)

核心提示: 城市住房問題需要國家干預(yù),但干預(yù)政策也會有失靈風(fēng)險,巴西的經(jīng)驗鮮明地體現(xiàn)了這一點。雖然在城市化各階段,面對城市住房問題,巴西分別采取了有針對性的住房衛(wèi)生政策、住房公共政策、乃至住房社會政策,但住房政策失靈現(xiàn)象一直都比較嚴(yán)重。巴西住房政策干預(yù)之所以長期失靈,根本原因在于其建國以來一直存在的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和國際等方面的“三座大山”。巴西個案對中國城鎮(zhèn)化及解決住房問題有著重要的啟示。

四、結(jié)論

城市化必然帶來住房問題,并要求國家針對特定時期的具體狀況加以有針對性的干預(yù)。不過,國家自身卻可能失靈。在巴西,從早期城市化階段開始,非正規(guī)的自建房和貧民區(qū)等就是巴西城市人口滿足住房需要的重要方式,而國家也采取了一定的住房政策干預(yù)行動,如早期城市化階段的住房衛(wèi)生政策,中期城市化階段的城市規(guī)劃政策,以及晚期城市化階段的住房社會政策;不過,在每個階段,這些政策總體上都是嚴(yán)重失靈的。直到今天,巴西城市貧民區(qū)和非正規(guī)住房都遠(yuǎn)未根除。巴西城市住房政策失靈的原因,歸根結(jié)底在于巴西建國之時已經(jīng)確立、而在整個城市化進(jìn)程中不斷得到了再生產(chǎn)的“三座大山”傳統(tǒng)。實際上,國外勢力對國內(nèi)的操縱、國內(nèi)政治與經(jīng)濟(jì)精英(包括大土地所有者)對國外勢力的依賴、國家精英構(gòu)成的非現(xiàn)代性難免限制政府能力、造成政府失靈和對公民權(quán)利的重視程度的不足,并進(jìn)而抑制住房政策對強(qiáng)化貧民區(qū)和非正規(guī)住房現(xiàn)象的干預(yù)效果。特別地,本研究還表明,如果1889年取消奴隸制作為巴西城市化的開始,一直截止到今天(2012年),其住房政策失靈的時間,至少長達(dá)113年。這表明,“三座大山”這一歷史因素的影響是極其深遠(yuǎn)的。

巴西城市住房問題及其干預(yù)中的住房政策失靈,在一定程度上也能反映其他發(fā)展中國家特別是拉美國家的情況。中國同為發(fā)展中國家,正在推進(jìn)城市化,面臨著各種各樣的住房問題,并且國家正在開展的住房政策干預(yù),甚至存在總體失靈的可能。分析中國這一失靈的具體原因,不是本文的任務(wù);不過,結(jié)合巴西的個案研究結(jié)果,卻也可以指出相關(guān)的啟示。亦即,要避免總體性的住房政策失靈,謀求國家的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)獨立是一個必要條件;加強(qiáng)法治和形成精英與大眾間的利益共生格局,則是另一必要條件。中國在前一個方面的條件已經(jīng)具備,而在后一個方面還不完全具備。以后,要加強(qiáng)法治建設(shè)、保障住房領(lǐng)域中的公民資格,并加強(qiáng)收入分配的頂層設(shè)計和對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展果實的真正共享,才能根除城市住房政策失靈的深層根源;否則,現(xiàn)有城市住房問題,還將持續(xù)好幾代人的時間。

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